Greenlandic Art: A Historical Perspective
From Ancient Figures to Modern Art Greenlandic art has a long history that reflects the development of society over time. From the early sealer and whaler cultures, which decorated tools, garments, and even skin, to the modern art of today, Greenlandic artists have always found ways to document and express their culture.
The earliest forms of Greenlandic art included small wooden figures and carvings found in ancient settlements. These artifacts are not just aesthetically pleasing; they serve as important historical records. Artists like Aron from Kangeq (1822-1869) and woodcutter Johannes Kreutzmann (1862-1940) were pioneers in Greenlandic art, creating detailed depictions of contemporary life and mythical stories. Aron’s watercolors and Kreutzmann’s woodcuts provide a window into the past, capturing both the everyday life and the legends that shaped Greenlandic culture.
The Influence of European Art With the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, Greenlandic art began to transform. Exposure to Western art introduced new techniques and ideas, leading to the emergence of artists like Hans Lynge (1906-1988), who blended European Impressionism with Greenlandic themes. Lynge’s work paved the way for future generations, including Jens Rosing (1925-2008), whose portrayals of wildlife and nature further refined Greenlandic art into a distinct and independent language.
Everyday Art with Historic Significance Art has always been an integral part of daily life in Greenland. From bone pearls and amulets crafted by the earliest settlers to the intricate carvings of East Greenland, Greenlandic art has always reflected the deep connection between the people and their environment. These everyday objects, whether tools or decorative items, carry historical significance and continue to be a source of cultural pride.
Art in Politics and Modern Expression
The Role of Art in Greenlandic Identity The 1970s marked a turning point in Greenlandic art, coinciding with a period of political change that culminated in the establishment of the Home Rule Government in 1979. During this time, art became a powerful medium for expressing Greenlandic identity and political views. Artists like Aka Høegh (1947-) and Anne-Birthe Hove (1954-2012) used their work to explore themes of nature, mythology, and the relationship between people and the land. Hove’s work, in particular, infused clear political elements, while Høegh focused on the creative interpretation of myths and the natural world.
Contemporary Artists and the International Art Scene Today, Greenlandic art continues to evolve, with a new generation of artists making their mark on the international art scene. Artists such as Julie Edel Hardenberg, Miki Jakobsen, Inuk Silis Høegh, and Bolatta Silis-Høegh are redefining what it means to be a Greenlandic artist. While they may draw inspiration from global trends, they remain deeply connected to their Greenlandic roots, using their work to challenge stereotypes and explore the complexities of Greenlandic identity.
This new wave of artists is not content to simply follow in the footsteps of their predecessors. They seek to confront and redefine the traditional narratives of Greenlandic history, culture, and identity, showcasing the diversity and dynamism of Greenlandic art to the world.
The Greenlandic Tupilak: A Unique Cultural Artifact
What is a Tupilak? Among the many fascinating elements of Greenlandic art is the tupilak, a small carved figure that holds a significant place in Greenlandic culture. Originally, tupilaks were believed to be powerful spiritual creatures created by shamans to protect against enemies. Made from a combination of bones and animal parts, these figures were imbued with life through rituals and spells. The tupilak would then be set out to sea to find and destroy the intended target. However, if the target was more powerful, the tupilak could be sent back to harm its creator, making these objects both powerful and dangerous.
Tupilaks as Art and Souvenirs In modern times, the tupilak has transformed from a spiritual weapon into a popular work of art. Carved from materials such as wood, bone, tooth, and reindeer antler, tupilaks are now highly sought-after souvenirs. These figures often incorporate elements from Inuit mythology, making each piece a unique representation of Greenlandic culture. While tupilaks made from certain materials, like whale tooth, are restricted from export due to international regulations, those made from antler, bone, soapstone, and wood can be found in tourist shops across Greenland.
Soapstone Art: An Ancient Craft
The Versatility of Soapstone Soapstone has been used in Greenland for centuries, primarily for making tools and everyday items like lamps and containers. Its soft, malleable nature makes it ideal for carving, and it has long been a favorite material for Greenlandic artists.
Modern Soapstone Art Today, soapstone is not only used for functional items but also for artistic expression. Greenlandic artists have developed unique techniques for working with soapstone, creating everything from jewelry to intricate reliefs. Some artists experiment with different types of pastel-colored soapstone, mixing them to create entirely new visual effects. Soapstone carvings are widely available in Greenland and can be freely exported, making them a popular choice for visitors looking to take home a piece of Greenlandic art.
Greenlandic Jewelry: A Touch of Nature
Jewelry as Cultural Expression Greenlandic jewelry is more than just decoration; it is a reflection of the country’s natural beauty and cultural heritage. Made from materials such as bone, claws, reindeer antlers, teeth, and soapstone, each piece of Greenlandic jewelry is handcrafted and unique. The designs often draw inspiration from Greenland’s wildlife and traditional Inuit culture, making them not only beautiful but also meaningful.
Rare and Precious Stones Greenland is home to several rare gemstones that are highly prized in jewelry-making. The most notable is the tugtupit, a pink or reddish-violet stone found only in Narsaq, South Greenland. Other popular stones include the dark brown, shiny nuummit and the fresh green grønlandite. These gemstones add a unique touch to Greenlandic jewelry, making each piece a rare and valuable keepsake.
Experiencing Greenlandic Art
Art Museums and Exhibitions To truly appreciate Greenlandic art, a visit to the local museums is a must. The Nuuk Art Museum and Ilulissat Art Museum house collections that showcase both historical and contemporary Greenlandic art. The Greenland National Museum and Archive, along with local museums in every town, offer a glimpse into the country’s artistic heritage, from ancient carvings to modern paintings. Katuaq, Greenland’s cultural center in Nuuk, also hosts several permanent and temporary exhibitions, providing visitors with a broad view of Greenlandic art in all its forms.
Final Thoughts
Greenlandic art is a vibrant and evolving expression of the country’s culture, history, and identity. From the ancient carvings of tupilaks to the contemporary works of today’s artists, Greenland’s artistic heritage offers a rich tapestry of stories, emotions, and ideas. Whether you’re exploring the past through museum exhibits or discovering modern interpretations in galleries, Greenlandic art provides a deep and meaningful connection to this extraordinary land.
